Classical Theory

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Whilst the temperature of helium-4 ( H42 ) liquid is decreased until it exceeds a Classical Theory sure cost Tλknown as the lambda (λ) temperature, below ordinary atmospheric strain, a country transition happens: the liquid passes from the everyday country to the superfluid nation. This transition is usually known as the lambda (λ) transition. as the phrase “superfluid” shows, underneath Tλ, the fluid has 0 viscosity. not able to locate an good enough cause of this phenomenon, physicists without delay concluded that it have to always have a quantum starting place. They then associated the λ transition with the Bose-Einstein condensation [1]. The latter is a quantum condensation of a device composed of bosons (particles of integer spin). This quantum description Classical Theory was best because indeed, the helium-four atom is a boson (zero spin). but, in 1971, a few years after the discovery of the superfluidity of helium-four, the superfluidity of helium-three ( H32 ) turned into tested [2]. This final discovery made all the difference because the helium-three atom isn’t a boson but a fermion (spin 1/2). Its superfluidity therefore couldn’t be explained with the aid of Bose-Einstein condensation. but, physicists have though advanced a new quantum reason to justify the life of helium-3 in a superfluid country. In reality, superfluid helium-three Classical Theory provides some physical houses which vary especially from those of superfluid helium-4, specially magnetic properties (for example, the existence of spin waves as in ferromagnetic materials). Physicists declare that those differences are due to the fact that the helium-3 atom is a fermion even as the helium-4 atom is a boson [3]. That’s now not true in any respect! indeed, when we examine the Clapeyron diagram P(T) (P is the strain and T, the temperature) of stable helium, we be aware that there may be a area in which the stable-liquid equilibrium curve turns into Classical Theory almost parallel to the abscissa axis (see determine 1) [4].

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